Overview Water Sample Carbonate System pH Calculations Acids and Bases Dilution and Mixing Titration Dosage / Addition Mineral Phases Environmental Chem

Acids and Bases

Acids

Sulfuric Acid – H₂SO₄

• pH and hydrogen sulfate concentration of 1.2 mM sulfuric acid
• pH after dilution of 40 mL of 2.5 molar H₂SO₄ to 2 L
• pH of strong acids (HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄) without and with activity corrections
• Acidification of a groundwater sample from pH 6.9 to 3

Hydrochloric Acid – HCl

• pH of an extremely diluted acid (10^-8 M HCl)
• pH of strong acids (HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄) without and with activity corrections
• pH after mixing of 100 mL of 0.01 molar HCl with 50 mL of 0.05 molar NaCl
• Addition of 0.2 mM HCl to a given water sample
• Titration of HCl with NaOH

Nitric Acid – HNO₃

• pH of strong acids (HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄) without and with activity corrections
• Acidification of a groundwater sample from pH 6.9 to 3

Phosphoric Acid – H₃PO₄

• Phosphoric acid as a polyprotic acid
• Phosphoric acid and sodium phosphates

Bases

Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) – NaOH

• Titration of HCl with NaOH

Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic Potash) – KOH

• Addition of 0.3 mM KOH to a water sample with pH 7.9